The Importance Of Having Good Communication Skills English Language Essay

The Importance Of Having Good Communication Skills English Language Essay Introduction Most of us know the importance of having a good communication skill if we want to have a successful career and enjoy a harmonious interpersonal relationship with people. But it is quite another story for us to practice it appropriately in our daily life. In this paper we focus on some necessary steps of acquiring a good communication skill which includes how to reduce communication noise, non-verbal communication, and suggestions to practice communication skill properly. I shall first present a communication event at the beginning. This event happened in a clinic between a dentist and a patient. Due to the dentists good understanding of verbal communication, and well-acquired non-verbal communication technique, he finally succeed in persuading his patient to accept dental treatment. Details on the analysis and related communication theories based on the event will be discussed in later sections. Mr Smith was an experienced dentist. Many of his previously satisfied patients became his loyal customers due to his excellent medical skill and thoughtful service. One day, a man dragged a little girl into his clinic. The girl was about 7 years old. An anxious expression was wearing on her small tearstained face. Her frightened eyes told Smith that she did really scare of being taken to see a dentist and her stiffed body showed that she would never be willing to accept any dental treatments. The girls father was at a loss for what to do to coax his daughter to accept treatment. Mr Smith smiled at the girl and approached to her, spoke to the girl in a gentle tone Darling, what makes you so scary? People hate dentist, so do I. Seeing a dentist hurts a lot, the girl answered with tearful eyes. Mr Smith knew it clearly that many children can not endure dental treatment due to fear. But he is experienced enough to cope with such problem. He explained the process of treatment in details i n a way that a child can understand in a mild tone. Mr Smith noticed that she has stopped shedding tears. He added If you behaved well during the treatment, you can choose a small toy to reward yourself for your great courage. Mr Smith smiled at her with a toy box waving in his hand. Thanks to the patience and kindness of Mr Smith, the girl finally accepted the treatment readily. Again he built a new good relationship with his patient. When we consider why and how Mr Smith wins his patients trust and loyalty, it is obvious that his success is inseparable from his distinguished communication skills. For supporting my viewpoint I will analyze Mr Smiths effective communication with related theories and authoritative opinions from authorities and books. Communication noise is an obstacle blocks the way of receivers receive our messages. Communication noise includes mechanical noise, semantic noise and psychological noise. Communication noise is something refers to have a profound impact on effective communication which influences the interpretation of conversations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_noise December 2009). The basis of communication is the interaction between people. However the barriers built by communication noise prevent us from properly percepting others intentions during the interaction of a communication. How did Mr Smith deal with these noises? Firstly is the trouble brought by mechanical noise. Mechanical noise is actual physical interference with the signal (Mohan et al. 1997, p. 7). In dentist Mr Smiths clinic the main mechanical noise is the noise generated by the dental drill. As Mr Smith is a thoughtful man he offers a separated waiting room especially designed for his patients which decorated wi th lovely ornaments, so that the noise from the consulting room can be isolated. Thus, the quite environment made by Mr Smith can enable him to make a more effective communication with his patients. Secondly is the Semantic noise. Semantic noise is the study of meaning. (Mohan et al. 1997, p. 7) For our receivers can understand our messages fully. We should choose words carefully. The words should be chosen within the understanding ability of receivers that is simple but concise to the point. We must take our receivers age, gender, religion, education, career, culture, and cognition into consideration. Carl Rogers, based on his experience as a psychotherapist, contends that the major barrier to interpersonal empathy is our very natural tendency to judge, to evaluate, to approve (or disapprove) the statement of the other person or the other group (Nebell, 1991, P. 217) That is our interpretation of some words and phrases are tend to distort the meaning of the communication by nature. For avoiding distortion and misunderstanding, Mr Smith chose his words mainly according to his patients age. Mr Smith tried to use simple and short words to communicate with his little patient. We can infer that long and complex words can only confused the little girl. What is worse it may make her distorts the meaning. Since the girl has bias toward dental treatment. Mr Smith also avoided to describe the oral surgery in a professional way with terminology instead he use interesting and vivid analogy to let the girl understand that the surgery is good to her health and easy. Then on the basis of the girls cognition, he simply told what should the girl to do during the treatment. He use proper words wisely simplified the concept of dental treatment in her mind. Those words have made a great contribution to diminish the fear inside of the girl. Thirdly is the psychological noise. Psychological noise is use of language or other communication symbols can set up emotional barriers betwe en people. (Mohan et al. 1997, p. 7) Mr Smith judged according to a kids psychological interest and preference, he gave the little girl a small toy as a reward. In this way Mr Smith collapsed his patients emotional barriers. Moreover the lovely ornaments on the wall is also a kind of communication. They use their cute out-looking, vivid colors telling the patients that here is a warm cozy place. Theres nothing to be afraid of, thus calms nerves inside of the patients. In his little patients fathers eyes Mr Smith has offered her daughter considerate service. From the above analysis, we can reach to the conclusion that only when we minimize or reduce the three kind noise of mechanical noise, semantic noise and psychological noise, can we offer a clear access to send our messages to others and get matchable feedback from our receivers. Non-verbal communication involves a transmission of information via sigh language, gestures, facial expression or other forms of body language. (Mohan et al. 1997 P. 7). Most people understand the importance of communication skills in the social life. But when they practice it, they usually neglect their facial expression, tone, body language in non-verbal communication unconsciously. As a mater of fact, ones facial expression gestures and body language is really important, it can imply others his attitude. For express ourselves better, we need to lay emphasis on the way to achieve success in non-verbal communication. The following are some suggestions. First, putting yourself in others shoes is a good way to sense others feelings on the condition that youve been well observed others facial expression, gesture, tone and body language. Prophet Muhammad is related to have said that any one of us is not considered to be a believing person, until he/she does unto others what he/she wishe s they do unto him/hertheytheydountohim/( July 2008). In the event, Mr Smith judged from the facial expression and body language of his patient, such as tearstained face, stiffed body, frightened look. Those body language reveals lots of information to him, thus help him gets to know what do his patient worries about so that he can adjust his language, facial expression, body language and paralanguage accordingly to cater to the psychology needs and wants of his patient. Second, use your own facial expression gesture, tone and body language and some other paralanguage properly. Never take it for granted that people can always fully understand you at ease. Combine your paralanguage and body language with your words is crucial. In this aspect Mr Smith has made a good example for us. He used a series of facial expression tone, body language and words to communicate with his stubborn patient to talk her into accept dental treatment readily. Mr Smith uses his gentle tone and smile to relax the little girls mind at ease and with the words he selected he successfully convinced his little patient that the process of treatment is painless. Combine proper paralanguage with selected words can make Mr Smiths words sounds more acceptable and credible in the girls ear. Many research studies have been carried out on this point: Non-verbal communication has been extensively studied in the psychology and psychotherapy disciplines and has been shown to have a central effect on participants perceptions of an event. (Mark Gillian 2003 pp. 384 398). That is if you well used your eye movement and gestures and body languages in a non-verbal communication that can help you to yield the twice result with half effort! So I can say with sure that without Mr Smiths paralanguage and facial expression or other body language the outcome will be much worse, or even end up in failure. That kind of communication starts from the heart which can be more effective in achieving a satisfied outcome of communication. His smile, his friendly manner, and his gentle tone reinforced the effectiveness of sending his sincerity to others. In conclusion to this, if we want to express ourselves more clearly to dissolve others hostility and misunderstanding to the greatest degree. It is essential for us to sense others feelings. In other words the way to achieve success in non-verbal communication is not only rely on to have a better understanding through others body language facial expression and paralanguage, but also important for ourselves to properly used our sign language, facial expressions, gestures and body language to enable others feel easier or even comfortable in receiving our messages. Conclusion It goes without saying that communication is playing an important roll in keeping a good relationship with people and improving efficiency in our work. After all have been discussed, acquire a good communication skill is identified as you are able to put yourself into others shoes, to sense others feeling. To collapse the communication barriers which build by mechanical noise, semantic noise, psychological noise. Whats more, well used your facial expression, gesture, and body language will definitely enhance your chance of sending your message to your receiver correctly.

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The movie industry is a booming market during this century. 72/100 of americans go to the movies each year and there are millions of dollars made only on the price of a movie ticket alone. Pirating movies is a common action in the united states and around the world everyday but does this actually have an effect on the movie industry and profits? To answer this question, one must look at three aspects, the industries market, how easy it is to pirate movies and the laws against piracy. With these three aspects, the effect of pirating movies should become clear. Could a simple download have this big of an affect on an industry that makes millions a year in profits? First, does the industries market actually have an impact from piracy of movies? Supporters of stronger intellectual property enforcement like the men and women who proposed the Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act bills in Congress claim that piracy of movies is a large issue in the United States. It is estimated that between $200 and $250 billion per year in losses to the united states economy. They also claimed that this causes a loss of 750,000 jobs in the united states. These estimates are wrong. A estimate of $58 billion, was produced by the Institute for Policy Innovation.Stopping Internet piracy may benefit filmmakers but only some filmmakers, and only some of the time. Scholars debate whether this piracy of movies has an affect everyday. This is one of the problem because it seems that it depends on what movie or how often someone would use an illegal site. A recent updated study by economists students at the Munich School of Management and Copenhagen Business School showed a drawing from nearly five years' worth of data. The students looked at box off... ... should soon come to a halt but instead this law is not enforced as well because with the privacy software on the internet, finding who is responsible for the start of a website or even streaming of a movie is very difficult. The pirating of movies does have an impact on filmmakers and the movie industry but if it took away enough money from the business the film makes and the industry would do more to enforce these laws. The industries market, how easy it is to pirate movies and the laws against piracy all contribute to the filmmakers and industries loss in money but the gains from each movie do not compare to the money that is made in the theaters. Once a movie has been successful in theatres, they should have enough money to not let pirating affect the industry. Pirating movies does affect the industry and is illegal but it does not have a significant effect.

Preliminary Test and Solubility Classification of Organic Compounds

Preliminary Test and Solubility Classification of Organic Compound Keene Louise Topacio, Christopher Jay Robidillo Abstract The experiment focuses on how to classify organic compounds by its functional groups. It is done by preliminary test and with the solubility test. Preliminary test used two known compounds also the unknowns. Physical state, color, odor, and ignition test were noted. The known compounds are inorganic and organic compounds. A comparison is made from the observation in the unknown sample, by which we had concluded that there were two organic compounds and one inorganic among the unknowns. In order to have a strong background about the solubility test, we first classify organic compounds of known functional group using the said test. Butyl bromide, ethanol sucrose, butyraldehyde, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, nitrophenol, diethyl ether, benzoic acid and propanone were used. It is found out that they are class X, Sn, S, N, Sa, Sb, S, N, A1 and Sn, respectively. We use water, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, H2SO4, litmus paper, and phenolphthalein in classifying each compound based on their solubility and color change. It follows a certain scheme on testing the compound. Each test will link to another test until we ended up with the class of that compound. We finally determine the class of the three unknowns. It is found out to be an Sb – amine -, S -salt -, and an N -aromatic compound-. Keywords: solubility, classification, organic compounds, solubility test, preliminary test Introduction One important part of experimental organic chemistry is to be able to analyze and identify an unknown organic compound from its functional groups. There are several steps in order to acquire this and there is no definite process. But there are systematic ways in different experimental organic chemistry books. For this experiment it will emphasize the preliminary examination and solubility characteristics of some known organic compounds and unknown samples. Preliminary test is basically noting informations with lesser effort compared to the other tests the physical state, color, odor, and its ignition properties. Physical state of a substance can make a distinction among organic compounds for the reason that at room temperature most of organic compounds are in its liquid state. This is due to the intermolecular forces of attraction in the compound. The color is also informative because most pure organic compounds are white or colorless. Some discolorations of brown color are effect of oxidation reaction. The odor of many organic compounds, especially the ones that have lower molar mass are highly distinctive. Also, functional groups have its' own different smell particularly alcohols, ketones, esters, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Caution must be observed while smelling the unknown sample because large amounts of organic vapors should never be inhaled because of toxicity. The ignition test involves a procedure in which a drop or two of a liquid or about 50-100 mg of a solid is heated gently on a crucible with a bunsen burner flame. Whether a solid melts at low temperature or only upon heating more strongly is then noted. The flammability and the nature of any flame from the sample are also recorded. A yellow, sooty flame is indicative of an aromatic or a highly unsaturated aliphatic compound; a yellow but non-sooty flame is characteristic of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The oxygen content of a substance makes its flame more colorless or blue; high oxygen content lowers or prevents flammability, as does halogen content. The unmistakable and unpleasant odor of sulfur dioxide indicates the presence of sulfur in the compound. If a white, nonvolatile residue is left after ignition, a drop of water is added and the resulting aqueous solution is tested with litmus or pHydrion paper; a metallic salt is indicated if the solution is alkaline. Solubility of an organic compound in different solvents can present useful but not efficient information about the presence or absence of certain functional groups. It is because the basic principle in solubility is â€Å"like dissolves like†. In order to have a more distinct result a systematic approach can be considered and it is by solubility classification. First is to test the solubility of the unknown in water. Several structural features of the unknown can be deduced if it is water-soluble. It must be of low molar mass and will usually contain no more than four to five carbon atoms, unless it is polyfunctional. Also, it must contain a polar group that will form a hydrogen bond with water, such as the hydroxy group of an alcohol or a carboxylic acid, the amino functionality of an amine, or the carbonyl group of aldehydes or ketones. Esters, amides, and nitriles dissolve to a lesser extent, and acid. chlorides or anhydrides react with water rather than simply dissolving in it. Test in ether for water soluble compounds are also observed this is to identify further the functional groups in ther unknown. On the other hand, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alkyl halides are water-insoluble. Supplementary test such as solubility in hydrochloric acid, then sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and finally tested in sulfuric acid must be done accordingly. Solubility in one or more of these acids and bases is defined in terms of the compound being more soluble in base or acid than in water and reflects the presence of an acidic or basic functional group in the water-insoluble unknown compound. Methodology The experiment was divided into two parts and the group was given three unknowns. The first part was for the preliminary test. Data were recorded according to the physical state, color, and odor of the compound. Small amount of the test compounds, copper nitrate, acetic acid also the unknowns were placed in separate porcelain crucible. It was then heated and covered. Observations were noted. If residues were sighted it was tested for acidity or basicity using a drop of distilled water and a litmus paper. Also, a drop of 15% HCl was added to determine if there was formation of gas. Lastly, flame test using a nichrome wire was also observed in order to determine if metals were present. For the second part of the experiment, solubility class test. 1mL of the solvents; water, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2SO4, were placed on separate micro test tubes. A drop or pinch of the test compounds; butyl bromide, ethanol, sucrose, butyraldeyde, ethanoic acid, methylamine, nitrophenol, diethyl ether, benzoic acid, propanone, and the unknowns, were added to the solvent. It was then mixed and observed if it dissolved or not, miscible or not, or if there are discoloration present. The solubility flow chart was used in order to classify the compounds. Results and Discussion Preliminary test determines the physical state, color, odor, and the combustion reaction of the compound during ignition. It is shown in Table 1. That copper nitrate which is blue liquid has an odorless smell while it produces a green flame when it is ignited. On the other hand, an organic compound, acetic acid, is liquid and is colorless. It has a sour smell and it produces no residue when it is ignited. With respect with our group samples, all are in liquid state while differs in odor. A1 has a very foul odor, while A2 possess an alcohol like then A3 have a strong odor. A1 and A3 does not have a residue after it was heated it only evaporated and evolution of smelly (unpleasant) gas was also observed. In the case of A2 there were close to black residue and after ignition, a red flame was observed. Table 1 Preliminary Examination Data X| Cu(NO3)2| C2H4O2| A1| A2| A3| A| Liquid| Liquid| Liquid| Liquid| Liquid| B| Blue| Colorless| Colorless| Colorless| Colorless| C| odorless| sour| foul| Alcohol like| Strong| D| Green flame| orange| No residue| red| orange| X – compounds, A – physical state, B – color, C – odor, D – ignition test| Copper nitrate and acetic acid are both in liquid phase. Normally, an organic compound such as acetic acid is a colorless liquid. Copper nitrate, on the other hand, is in aqueous form. Although they are in the same phase, it doesn’t mean that they have the same volatility and solubility. Upon ignition , their volatility differences are noticed. The presence of ash is observed in copper nitrate while on acetic acid there is no present. It is an indication that there was solid present in copper nitrate solution. Since a solid is not volatile, we can easily identify the presence of solid upon ignition. Thus, it is an indication that the physical state of copper nitrate is actually solid. Finally, copper nitrate has color while acetic acid has none. It is because of the presence of metal in the aqueous copper nitrate. While for our unknowns, it was all in liquid form which has an ammonia-like smell A1, alcohol like smell A2 and strong smell A3. By that, the one will know that A1 is already an amine. When it is ignited, it produces no ash and no soot. It is an indication that there is no metal present. Also, we found out that it was an organic compound because the observation was similar with acetic acid. By all obtained observation, it is possible that A1 is an amine. For A2, it was observed that it contains metal, for the reason that when it ignited the flame was red with that we could say that it is a salt. Unknown A3, was found out to be an organic compound because the observation was similar with acetic acid. We can't determine the compound with just preliminary test due to the insufficient data. Table 2. 1 Solubility Test Data Y| C4H9Br| C2H5OH| C12H22O11| C4H8O| C2H4O2| A| | | | | | B| | | | | | C| | | | | | D| | | | | | E| | | | | | F| | | | | | G| -| | | -| -| | | | H| -| colorless| -| -| colorless| I| X| Sn| S| N| Sa| Y – Compounds, A – Water, B – Ether, C – HCl, D – NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4, G – Litmus Paper, H – Phenolphthalein, I – Solubility Class| Table 2. 2 Solubility Test Data (Known) It is found out in Table 2. 1 and 2. 2 that ethanol, sucrose, nitrophenol, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, diethyl ether and propanone are soluble in water while butyl bromide, butyraldehyde, and benzoic acid are not. (Table 2. can identify the intermolecular forces of attraction and polarity from the structure and the functional group) Since water is a polar compound (possesses hydrogen bond) it is a poor solvent for saturated hydrocarbons. As we all know, saturated hydrocarbons are not polar because they only posses Van der Waals intermolecular force. Due to long chains (or high molecular weights) do not affect by polarity greatly; unsaturated hydrocarbons such as aromatic hydrocarbons have similar solubility with saturated hydrocarbons. The introduction of halogen atoms does not alter the polarity appreciably. It does no increase the molecular weight, and for this reason, the water solubility falls off. On the other hand, salts are extremely polar, the ones encountered in this work generally being water soluble. Y| CH5N| C6H5NO3| C4H10O| C6H5COOH| C3H6O| A| | | | | | B| | | | | | C| | | | | | D| | | | | | E| | | | | | F| | | | | | G| | | -| -| | | -| | H| pink| colorless| -| -| colorless| I| Sb| S| N| A1| Sn| Y – Compounds, A – Water, B – Ether, C – HCl, D – NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4, G – Litmus Paper, H – Phenolphthalein, I – Solubility Class| As might expected, acids and amines generally are more soluble than neutral compounds. The amines probably owe their abnormally high solubility to their tendency to form hydrogen-bonded complexes with water molecules. This theory is also linked with the fact that the solubility of amines diminishes as the basicity decreases. It also explains the observation that many tertiary amines are more soluble in cold than hot water. Apparently at lower temperatures, the solubility of the hydrate is involved whereas at higher temperatures the hydrate is unstable and the solubility measures are that of the free amine. Ethers, esters, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, nitriles, amines, acids and amines may be considered together with respect to water solubility. Due to their similarity in structure with water, their solubility is high. For that, the solute-solvent interaction is strong because of their compatibility made possible by their common polarity. Because of the polar nature of water; compounds owe their solubility in it almost entirely to the polar groups which they may contain. The functional groups stated above are hydrophilic. As the hydrocarbon percentage increases, the hydrophobic part also increases. As a result, the solubility in water of these compounds containing functional groups, decreases as the hydrocarbon chain is getting longer or the ring is present. The tendency of certain oxygen-containing compounds to form hydrates also contributes to water solubility. The stability of this hydrate is therefore, a factor in determining water and ether solubility. These compounds have great solubility in water because of their capability to form hydrates. It is the reason why diethyl ether and propanone are soluble in water. On the other hand, although generally, aldehydes are soluble in water, butyraldehyde is not. It is due to long chain of the butyl hydrocarbon. For the same reason as for long chains of amines, aromatic alcohols and aromatic carboxylic acid do not exhibit solubility in water. Greater number carbon chains due to ring decreases the effect of polarity. For propanone, it doesn’t just dissolve in water. It undergo reaction which is a nucleophilic addition reaction. As a consequence, it yields a diol. As for the compounds that are water soluble, we can still further classify them through their solubility in ether. It is obtained that ethanol, ethanoic acid, methyl amine, propanone are soluble while insoluble compound are sucrose and nitrophenol. Since dipole bond is present on ether groups, it can differentiate short chain ethers, alcohols, carboxylic acid, ketone and amines from carbohydrates. Ethers cannot dissolve carbohydrates, such as sucrose. Thus, it can be classified as class S. Table 2. 3 Structure and Functional Groups of Known Compounds| Compound| Structure| Functional group| Butyl bromide, C4H9Br| | Alkyl halides| Ethanol, C2H5OH| | alcohols| Sucrose, C12H22O11| | Carbohyd-rates| Butyraldehyde| | Aldehydes| Ethanoic acid| | Carboxylic acid| Methyl amine| | Amines| Nitrophenol| | Alcohols| Diethyl ether| | Ethers| Benzoic acid| | Carboxylic acid| Propanone| | Ketone| The water soluble organic compounds that are also soluble in ether are monofunctional group compounds. We can classify their functional group base on their acidity and basicity and it is done with the use of litmus paper. When the blue litmus paper is dropped in the test compounds, only at ethanoic acid the litmus paper changes its color to red while at ethanol, methyl amine, diethyl ether and propanone. On the other hand, when red litmus paper is dropped on the test compounds, only methyl amine turned the R. L. P to blue while it remained at red for ethanol, diethyl ether and propanone. By that, we concluded that, ethanoic acid is an acid, methyl amine is a base while ethanol, diethyl ether and propanone are neutral. In the other realm, water-insoluble compounds such as butyl bromide, butyraldehyde, nitrophenol and benzoic acid are further tested with 5% HCl. It is obtained that none of these compounds are soluble in the dilute HCl. The explanation for this is that the acid can only dissolve are basic amines. Aliphatic amines (of any class) forms salts (a polar compound) when it is mixed with the dilute acid because of its basicity. 5% hydrochloric acid is also polar so they are soluble. Those compounds that dissolve in 5% HCl will probably fall under class B, which are amines. Compounds that are insoluble in 5% HCl (all compounds) are then tested with 5% NaOH. It is observed that only benzoic acid is the only soluble compound. Compounds dissolve in aqueous base solutions because they form sodium salts hat are soluble in aqueous medium. Probably, it is the only compound which is sufficiently acidic to form salt with the dilute base. Upon comparison, carboxylic acid is the functional group which is the most acidic among all organic functional group aside from sulfonic and sulfinic acids. To prove it, we can compare the acid constant of the functional group of each compound tested. The soluble benzoic acid can sti ll be classified as either a strong organic acid and as a weak organic acid. Upon mixing, it is found that it is a strong organic acid because it dissolves with the reagent. Thus, benzoic acid will fall under class A1 The compounds insoluble with 5% NaOH which are the butyraldehyde and butyl bromide and diethyl ether are further categorized. Upon mixing those compounds with the concentrated sulfuric acid, only butyraldehyde dissolves. So, butyraldehyde is on class X, while butyl bromide and diethyl ether are on class N. As we all know, butyraldehyde contains a functional group with oxygen (aldehyde), so it can undergo sulfonation with the concentrated acid. On the other hand, butyl bromide is saturated and has no functional group with O atom so it can’t undergo sulfonation. Thus it is not soluble. Table 3. 1 Solubility Test Data (Unknown) unknown| A | B | C | D | E | F | 1| | | | | | | 2| | | | | | | 3| | | | | | | A – Water, B – Ether, C – HCl, D – NaOH, E- NaHCO3, F- H2SO4 For solubility test of the 3 unknowns of the group, it is on Table 3. 1 and 3. 2, we initially confirm its solubility in water. It is found that A1 and A2 are soluble. From that, we can anticipate that our sample can be a monofunctional group compound with short chain or a carbohydrate or salts. So, the next steps for the water-soluble compounds were to check its solubility with ether. When we mixed ether and our samples were immiscible dissolves. From that, we may say that one is a salt. From the smell of the unknown A1 we already know that it will fall under amine that has a short chain so we stll tested it with litmus paper because amine are basic. It is observed that when red L. P. is exposed in the sample, it turned to blue, whereas the blue L. P. have no color change when it is exposed. It is an indication that our sample is basic. Thus, our assumptions are correct that it is a short-carbon chain, monofunctional amine and it falls under class SB. Table 3. Solubility Test Data (Unknown) unknown| 1| 2| 3| a| | | -| | | b| Pink| -| colorless| c| Sb| S| X| Possible compounds| Monofunctional alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, aromatic amines, nitriles, and amides with five or fewer carbons. | Salts of organic acids; amine hydrochlorides, amino acids, polyfunctional compounds with hydrophilic functional groups, carbohydrates, polyhydroxy compounds, polyb asic acids, etc. | Saturated hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, arylhalides, other deactivated aromatic compounds, diaryl ethers| a – Litmus Paper, b – Phenolphthalein, c – Solubility Class| For A3, being immiscible to water it was tested with HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2SO4 for its acidity or basicity. Unfortunately, it failed the entire tests so sum it up to a class X compound. Conclusion The objectives of the experiment were obtained. We were able to examine compounds by using the preliminary test. We were able to recognize the solubility class of each known compound given to us with the aid of solubility test. Finally, we were also able to classify organic compounds based on their solubility in some other compounds and on their acidity and basicity. The analysis and identification of organic compound for this particular experiment consists of two parts which are probably adopted from common schemes. This systematic approach enables us to have a precise analysis without spending much reagents, thus it is useful and efficient tool of identifying organic compounds. Both preliminary test and solubility test are considered. We concluded that preliminary test and solubility test are effective ways of classifying organic compounds. In preliminary test, we had seen the different properties of different compound by its physical state, color, odor and ignition test. We had compared the result of our unknown sample with the known ones, and upon comparison, we concluded that our sample is an organic compound which contains no metal. We had differentiated an organic compound from a non organic compound. An organic compound may be in a form of a solid or liquid, may be colored or not depending on the degree of conjugation, produces odor and has no ash during ignition because of the absence of metal. For our unknown sample, the significant observation is that its fishy, ammonia-like smell. Since it is an organic compound, we can say that it is an amine. By the study of solubility data it has been found possible to lay down certain generalizations which often enable one to predict the solubility behavior of a compound merely by inspection of its structural formula. In the solubility test, we found out the different class of the different organic compound. It is obtained that water soluble compounds are compounds which have a short-carbon chain compounds with monofunctional group and are carbohydrates. For ether, it is capable dissolving short-carbon chain compounds due to their common polarity. It is a way of differentiating carbohydrates from that. For those ether-soluble, their classifications are identified based on their acidity or basicity since they are monofunctional. Acidic groups are carboxylic acids, basic groups are amines while neutral groups are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and some carboxylic acid derivatives except the acid halides and anhydrides. For those insoluble compounds, a test for solubility with 5% HCl is made to identify strong bases such as amines that have longer chains or aromatic ring. The dilute acid can only form salt with strong bases, to dissolve. On the other hand, 5% NaOH is then used to check for the presence of acidic organic compounds. For acids, they can form salt with strong base such as NaOH, thus making it soluble. The 5% NaHCO3, which is a weak base is used to identify the degree of acidity of those obtained acidic organic compounds. Strong acidic acids are soluble with 5% NaHCO3 while weak organic acids are not. Lastly, neutral compounds with long chains or ring remained. The concentrated sulfuric acid is used in identifying functional group that has O and organic compounds that are unsaturated. Those compounds undergo sulfonation, making it soluble with the reagent. Solubility plays a major role in the identification and characterization of an organic compound. Through certain chemical tests, one can identify an organic compound. These concepts regarding the solubility of organic compounds are primarily applied in identifying the nature and properties of carbon-containing compounds as wells as predicting their behavior and reaction mechanism when allowed to be reacted with specific solvents during different chemical processes. References Baluyut John Y. G. , De Castro Kathlia A. Organic Chemistry Laboratory for Chemical Engineering Students Part 2, 2004 Klein, David (2012). Organic Chemistry. Danvers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , Gilbert, John. Experimental Organic Chemistry: A miniscale and Microscale Approach 5th Ed. Australia, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. http://www2. volstate. edu/chem/2020/Labs/classification. pdf http://www. sharjah. ac. ae/English/Academics/CentralLabs /asl/cl/Pages/IdentificationofOrganicCompounds. aspx http://www. wellesley. edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/ClassificationTests/index. html http://wwwchem. uwimona. edu. jm/lab_manuals/c10expt25. html

The Research And Career Of Robert Plomin - 2386 Words

The Research and Career of Robert Plomin Robert Plomin is perhaps one of the most well known psychologists of the 20th century. He is a preeminent researcher in the field of behavior genetics, is at the forefront of the ongoing â€Å"nature versus nurture† debate, and is most famous for his support of the nonshared environment influence among siblings, and for his recent work with twin studies. To date, Plomin has authored over 700 articles and books, and he continues to ardently research and serve as a professor at King’s College London. Early Research Plomin’s interest in evolution, natural selection, and genes began at a young age. He studied psychology and completed his dissertation on the topic of temperament and personality development, under the direction of Arnold Buss at the University of Texas, Austin (Pearce, 2003). For his study, parents of 137 sets of twins between the ages of two and six were asked to rate the temperaments of their children, as well as report the temperaments of themselves and their spouse. The results demonstrated great genetic influence on the characteristics of impulsivity, sociability, emotionality, and activity level, which are all important aspects of temperament (Pearce, 2003). Additionally, Buss and Plomin released a book in 1975 entitled A Temperament Theory of Personality Development, which argued the idea that genetic variance occurs between individuals, but that there are no significant genetic differences between various races andShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Vs. Nurture Debate1971 Words   |  8 Pageshave nothing to do with how we turn out; it all depends on our genes. One psychologist, however, has made the attempt to bridge these two sides together. Robert Plomin’s work in genetics and psychology has helped people understand the roles the environment and genetics play in areas such as education, behavior, and development. Robert J. Plomin was born in the windy city in 1948 in a one-bedroom rented flat. His father worked in a car factory starting off on the assembly line and later being promotedRead MoreNature versus Nurture: Criminal Behavior2176 Words   |  9 Pagesso they could be altered for the purpose of preventing the number of crime. Within the past decade there has been a wide range of research and evidence available based on both sides of the nature or nurture debate. Along with further research that identifies a number of determinants that have some form of influence towards criminal behavior and activity. This research usually surrounds various evidence which links criminal behavior to social, cultural and environmental factors (Lykken, 1993). WhilstRead More Donald Trump-Super Supervisor Essay2289 Words   |  10 PagesHandspring. Robert Johnson founded BET Network, the first African American cable network. This venture eventually made Mr. Johnson $3 billion. (Merit, 1998, p.1). What all of these people share is a vision, and a dream. They are efficient, dedicated and flexible. They didn’t give up, and they didn’t lose sight of their vision. Another self-made millionaire, and business leader is Donald Trump. Although he is probably most well known for the reality show The Apprentice, Mr. Trump’s career began withRead MorePersonality and Ethics8599 Words   |  35 Pagesgrow from childhood to old age. And every individual’s personality begins the moment they are capable of perceiving the world. The development of one’s personality depends on two factors which are nature and nurture. As cited in Carducci (2009) Plomin, DeFries, McClearn amp; McGuffin (2001) it’s stated that biological factors do contribute to the physical and personality characteristic such as genetic heritability; however, this does not shows that all individuals’ personality is determined only